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The Ups and
Downs of Wakeboarding
by Dave Herpy
Wakeboarding is one of the
hottest new water
sports today. From the Gravity Games to the summer X-Games,
wakeboarding has made its way to mainstream America. Wakeboarders are seen on inland lakes, reservoirs, rivers and
Lake Erie. Its growing popularity may be closely associated
with the popularity of snowboarding.
Still, many may not know
what wakeboarding is, what is needed to do the sport, where
equipment can be obtained and where it can be tried.
What is wakeboarding?
Julie Bostian, an avid wakeboarder and a
freelance writer for About.com, defines wakeboarding as "a
form of waterskiing where both feet are attached to a board
that resembles something in between a water ski and a
kneeboard. The rider stands on the board with the feet
pointing off to the side of the board. Riders like
wakeboarding because wakeboards allow lift off the wake,
making a multitude of tricks in the air possible."
Wake is waves created by the boat in motion.
Wakeboarders use the wake to get air and do tricks, similar to
a snowboarder using jumps to get air and do tricks.
Wakeboarding and snowboarding are similar in style, which
makes wakeboarding easy to learn for snowboarders.
What is needed to wakeboard?
Boat. The boat is
the most important piece of equipment. The better the boat,
the better your chances of success. There are three main types
of boats, characterized by the engine: inboard, outboard and
inboard/outboard or stern drive. An inboard boat with a lot of
torque is ideal for wakeboarding. I've ridden behind all three
types of boats, as well as wave runners, and nothing rides
better or smoother than an inboard boat designed specifically
for wakeboarding.
Other features on boats are designed
specifically for wakeboarding that add to the performance. A
rear ballast system, which sucks water into an internal
reservoir to weight the back of the boat down by as much as
1,000 pounds, helps to create a bigger wake.
A tower above the boat pulls the towrope at
a much greater height than the boat, which allows bigger air
when jumping a wake. Most towers usually have storage racks to
store the wakeboards rather than cluttering the inside of the
boat. Some towers also contain powerful speakers so you can
listen to your favorite tunes while riding. Some speakers even
work with the engine, so when the rpms are higher or lower,
the music gets louder or softer.
A highly controllable throttle, which acts
as a "cruise control," allows the boat operator to set a
specific speed and keep that speed for the rider. Most
wakeboarders ride between 19 and 21 mph. Any slower and the
board starts to sink. Any faster and it's more difficult to
ride under control and land tricks.
A good wakeboard boat can be pricey. New
wakeboard boats start at $20,000 and can cost as much as
$100,000. The bigger the boat and the more the gadgets, the
more expensive it will be. An option is to purchase a used
wakeboard boat at a fraction of the cost.
Towrope. A
wakeboarding towrope is static, meaning it has minimal
stretch, creating much more "pop" off the lip of the wake.
Having even a little bit of stretch in the rope creates less
tension, which creates less response while being towed. An
inexpensive nylon towrope is great for tubing, but not ideal
for wakeboarding.
A good towrope is adjustable, allowing for
different lengths depending on the skill level of the rider,
and is interchangeable to allow different handles to be used
with the rope. For a beginner, the rope is set shorter to
create less distance between the wake. More experienced riders
prefer a greater length and more distance between the wake.
A wakeboarding towrope with handle can cost
anywhere from $25 to several hundred dollars. Some riders
purchase the handle and towrope separately to create a more
customized system.
Board. A wakeboard
is shorter, wider and thicker than a snowboard. Wakeboards
typically have a fiberglass outside shell, with buoyant
material on the inside to allow flotation in the water. There
are a variety of wakeboard designs, from symmetrical-shaped
boards to split-end boards for the more advanced rider. The
shape of the board depends on the skill level of the rider. A
beginner-level wakeboard is more basic and symmetrical in
shape.
Another feature on wakeboards is fins on the
bottom. Similar to a surfboard, wakeboard fins are designed to
help stabilize the board and grip the water when carving. A
larger fin is mounted under the front side of the board, with
a smaller fin under the backside to allow more maneuverability
while carving.
Most wakeboards come with bindings, which
typically are made from a soft rubber and are designed to be
worn barefoot by the rider. Unlike snowboard bindings, there
are no boots used in wakeboarding. The bindings act as boots
for the rider.
Getting your feet into the bindings can be
tricky. The board needs to be submerged under water to get the
bindings wet. Another trick is to squirt a little shaving
cream on the inside of the bindings to allow the feet to slip
in easier.
A wakeboard with bindings can cost anywhere
from a couple hundred dollars to almost $1,000. If you wait
until the end of the season, when everything for the summer is
on clearance, you can save 25 percent to 50 percent off the
retail price.
Personal flotation device.
A PFD for wakeboarding is not just a good idea, it's the law.
"No person shall ride or attempt to ride upon water skis,
surfboards, inflatable devices or similar devices being towed
by a vessel without wearing a United States Coast
Guard-approved Type I, II, III PFD or a Type V PFD
specifically designed for water-skiing, in good and
serviceable condition, and of appropriate size. No operator of
a vessel shall tow any person who fails to comply with this
law." (ORC 1547.18)
When some people think of a PFD, they think
of the big, orange, U-shaped Type II PFDs. Type III PFDs cut
like a vest, and Type V PFDs, designed specifically for
certain activities such as wakeboarding, make it comfortable
to wear. Some wakeboarding PFDs are not U.S. Coast
Guard-approved, which make them illegal, so check the label
before wearing.
Where can equipment be purchased?
You can purchase wakeboard boats at just
about any boat dealership. Some boat dealerships cater
directly to wake boarder's, such as Know Wake Marine in
Columbus (www.knowwakemarine.com).
It carries Malibu boats, which is the premier boat for
wakeboarding, and a variety of wakeboarding equipment and
accessories.
In Northeast Ohio, Buckeye Sports Center (www.buckeyesportscenter.com)
off Route 8 in Peninsula also carries wakeboard boats,
including Supra and Tahoe Sport Boats.
Most sporting goods stores, such as Dick's
Sporting Goods, carry a variety of basic wakeboarding
equipment including wakeboards, towropes, PFDs and wetsuits.
Boating supply stores, such as West Marine, carry a variety of
wakeboarding equipment, as well. Some boat dealerships carry
wakeboarding equipment.
Also look for equipment online on various
retail Web sites. Like anything else, look at it in person
first, unless you know exactly what you're purchasing.
Where can you try wakeboarding?
If you don't have access to a boat or know
anyone who is into the sport, there are companies such as
Midwest Water Ski and Wakeboard School (www.midwestskischool.com),
Ohio's only official USA Water Ski-affiliated ski school that
teach the basics of wakeboarding. The school offers private
individual or group lessons, as well as half-day, full-day and
week-long camps. Ryan Clifton, owner and head coach of the
school, is also the head coach for The Ohio State University
Water Ski Team. I have known Ryan for years and have worked
with him in coordinating wakeboarding programs in central and
northeast Ohio.
Where can you wakeboard in Ohio?
The ideal conditions for wakeboarding are
calm, flat water found on inland lakes, rivers and reservoirs.
Lake Erie occasionally produces these conditions, but it's
usually early in the morning on days with minimal wind. I've
ridden on Lake Erie, Mosquito Lake and Griggs Reservoir in
Columbus, and nothing compares to the perfect conditions on
Griggs.
Central Ohio is a Mecca for wakeboarders.
Griggs and O'Shaughnessy Reservoir, which are parts of the
Scioto River, are full of wakeboarders on summer days. In
Northeast Ohio, inland lakes such as Mosquito Lake State Park
in Cortland (near Warren) and West Branch State Park in
Ravenna offer decent wakeboarding conditions. Lake Erie also
works, but wakeboarding is better in a harbor protected by a
break wall such as Fairport Harbor.
David Herpy is the
outdoor adventure and camp
coordinator for Kent State University.
Herpy's passion for water sports can be seen
through the various programs he has introduced for KSU and
through Lake Metroparks.
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Powered Paragliding
Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines
By Brian Fowler
Recently a couple of my powered paragliding
friends and I decided to fly cross country along the Lake Erie
shoreline. We packed our vehicles with our gear and headed out
to a house in the Mentor Headlands.
Dave, who owns the house, thinks what we do
is fun to watch, so he lets us use his side yard as a runway.
It is about 80 yards long and leads out into the open waters
of the lake. It is all we need to get airborne.
Our tanks filled to the top, we strapped our
motors on our backs, inflated our wings, took off and headed
east over the blue-green water of our greatest natural
resource, Lake Erie. We passed the crowded, mile-long beach
known as Headlands State Park, where children ran to the shore
to wave at us and boats circled around to get a better look at
these colorful flying machines.
We crossed the Grand River and thrilled more
onlookers at Fairport beach as we did our obligatory circles
in front of the crowds and just 50 feet above the water. We
soared over Geneva-on-the-Lake packed full of motorcycles and
old cars for the Memorial Day weekend.
We continued on our journey for nearly two
hours and 42 miles until we found Conneaut, the last town
before the Pennsylvania border. After a couple of fly-bys, we
landed on a little spit of land that juts out into the lake.
The crowd of people cheered as we landed, and young boys
chased us down to get a better look.
This was modern-day barnstorming, a flying
adventure that has long since vanished amongst our
over-regulated commercial airways. We were to the people along
the way, "those magnificent men in their flying machines."
What is powered paragliding?
The sport is an off-shoot of paragliding,
which is an off-shoot of hang gliding, which has been around
since the 1970s. While hang gliding and paragliding have done
well in their own right, they have been limited to remote
mountain launches and desolate sea cliffs.
Powered paragliding, on the other hand, is
almost limitless in where you can fly and holds the same sense
of adventure that a barnstorming pilot from the 1920s and '30s
must have felt. It is perhaps the easiest way to enjoy the
personal freedom of free flight.
The attraction to the sport comes from its
simplicity. The aircraft weighs less than 100 pounds and can
be packed in the back of a small SUV. It burns only a gallon
of gas per hour, and you don't need a license to own or fly
one.
Also adding to the simplicity is the short
runway required for takeoffs and landings. Basically, you only
need a football field-size area with no obstructions at the
end to take off and land in. It is more complicated than that,
but once you acquire the skills to take off and land, you
simply don't need an airport.
Imagine the freedom of stopping by an open
field in the country, getting permission from the owner and
taking off. From the flat ground, it is possible to climb to
4,000 feet, shut off the engine and glide back to earth.
Don't try this at home
With all good things in life, there is
always a "catch". The "catch" in this case is that if you want
to learn how to fly, there are no real schools in the area,
and you really need to take lessons to learn how to fly.
There are two approaches to learning how to
fly, and pilots will differ on which is better. I personally
learned how to fly a paraglider first and then only recently
learned how to fly a powered paraglider. I had 500 flights
without a motor before I ever strapped the engine on my back.
Many pilots will jump right into powered
flight through a reputable school. The closest school, Fly
Ohio, is near Bowling Green. The school sells powered
paragliders and provides instructions. Contact owner Bruce
Brown at
brucebrown@wcnet.org, 419-823-1270 or
www.flyohio.com.
During the lessons, expect to spend as much
as two or three days learning how to ground-handle the wing
with your feet never leaving the ground. Once you have
mastered the ground handling, strap the motor on your back and
learn how to launch. Your first flights will be short hops
along the ground with instructions being given through a
helmet radio.
By the end of the week, you should be flying
on your own. The cost of the lessons is about $500 if you buy
equipment and $1,000 if you have your own. The last time I
checked, it was about $3,500 to $4,000 to get a
general-aviation, private-pilot's license.
Like everything worth doing, it takes a
considerable amount of effort to become proficient. You really
have to pay your dues in time and practice to be rewarded with
free flight.
One of the other limiting factors of powered
paragliding is that it is very weather dependant. We usually
don't fly if winds are over 10 mph, and we usually fly in the
morning or in the evening to avoid turbulent air. One of the
most important decisions a pilot makes is whether to take
his/her glider out of the car based on the wind and weather of
the day.
How to choose equipment
The wings are made of a nylon-type material
with a whole bunch of Kevlar strings that attach the pilot to
the wing. The engines are usually two strokes and range in
horsepower from 22 to about 30. The pilot wears a harness in
which the wing and engine are attached. It is set up so that
if the engine stalls, the pilot can glide back to earth. Add a
helmet and some ear plugs, and you are all set.
It is possible to get into the sport for as
little as $5,000 to $7,000, including lessons. Buying used
equipment is a less-expensive way of getting into the sport.
Do your research before you choose that route. Paramotoring
equipment is constantly evolving, and some of the older
equipment is not that good.
Like everything else, the Internet is a
great resource for information. If you are serious, log on to
a powered paragliding forum and ask questions. There is always
someone grounded that will share their knowledge.
The next time you hear the buzz of a lawn
mower engine overhead and you look up to see on of those
"magnificent men in their flying machines," you'll know what
it is. After you see us enough times, I may want to come up
and join us.
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Profile:
Paddling with a Purpose
Catch This Kent Resident's Contagious Water-Sport Spirit
by Steve Schirra
Dave Herpy fondly remembers his first connection with the
water at age 5. "My grandfather used to take me fishing at
Pymatuning (State Park) and let me drive the boat
occasionally," he says. "It was my first water experience as a
kid."
A member of Cub and Boy Scouts, Herpy also was canoeing at
a young age. Yet Herpy, the outdoor adventure and camp
coordinator for Kent State University, has come a long way
from fishing boats and canoes.
The 27-year-old Kent resident began kayaking in 2000 as a
lifeguard and camp counselor for Lake Metroparks and has since
has earned a bachelor's degree in recreation management from
Kent State and a master's degree in recreation studies from
Ohio University.
Through his various internships and his graduate
assistantship, Herpy was introduced to whitewater rafting and
kayaking, and began to share his enthusiasm for water sports
with others, something he continues in his position.
"When people ask me about my job, I tell them the best part
is sharing my knowledge and passion of these activities with
other people."
Before he accepted his Kent State position, Herpy worked
for Lake Metroparks (among other parks). In the summer of
2005, he created Paddle with a Purpose, a canoe and kayak
event.
"I started the event because my mom passed away from
melanoma in 2004," he says, adding that melanoma is the
deadliest form of skin cancer. "With my mom's passing, I
wanted to raise awareness for skin cancer and benefit the
American Cancer Society at the same time."
The first event in 2005 brought in about 60 paddlers and
raised $1,700. Herpy says the event grew in its second year,
with additional paddlers and $2,300 raised for charity.
Herpy also coordinated the beginning stages of what will be
Lake Metorparks' world-record attempt Aug. 18. Canoers and
kayakers from across the state will meet at Fairport Harbor
Lakefront Park and attempt to create the world's largest canoe
and kayak raft. Herpy says the current record was set in 2001
by Cleveland Metroparks, which organized a 766-canoe-and-kayak
raft in Hinckley Lake.
Now that he's working as Kent State's outdoor adventure and
camp coordinator, Herpy says he's settled into a job he plans
to continue for a long time. "I'm a Kent State graduate. I
love the program, I love the school, and I love the area."
In his Kent State programs and classes, Herpy hopes to
instill a sense of excitement on his students. "I think my
biggest attribute is my enthusiasm. I hope that wears off on
people, that I produce that vibe for other people."
Herpy always stresses safety to anyone interested in water
sports, from expert to beginner. He equates not wearing a life
jacket in the water to not wearing a seat belt in a car.
Another of Herpy's suggestions, especially for beginners,
is to take a class to learn the ropes before venturing off in
the water.
"I think taking a class and learning from a professional is
very important as far as safety is concerned."
Whether he's teaching a course or guiding fellow
water-sports athletes down rapids, Herpy has found the sport
best suited for him and suggests other athletes do the same.
"I think finding your niche is very important, no matter what
activity you participate in."
No matter the activity, it all comes down to commitment,
and Herpy says his love of the water drives him to stay
active. "If you find something that you truly enjoy and are
passionate about, you are more likely to stick with it and
make it a routine. My philosophy is, if you find a job that
you love, then you never work a day in your life, and that's
how it's been for me."
Steve Schirra holds a B.A. in English from Kent State
University. His writing has appeared in various Northeast Ohio
magazines and newspapers.
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Kayaking
Trial by Water: A Rookie's Journal
By Ruggero Fatica
Let me preface this article by saying that
while I have paddled canoes for the better part of 25 years,
my experience with kayaks is limited to slow, lazy rivers in
my $400 local, sporting goods-store special. When I had the
chance to paddle the beautiful Upper Peninsula of Michigan in
kayaks for five days, I jumped at the chance.
This is my journal of that trip.
Day 1: the Iron River
After arriving in Marquette, our first stop
was the Thunder Bay Inn in Big Bay, where we would spend the
next two nights. The inn was built in 1911 by lumber barons
and housed a warehouse, a general store, an office and a
barber shop. It was purchased in 1940 by Henry Ford to serve
as a vacation retreat for him and his executives.
Twelve rooms are available to lodge in, with
each housing unique furniture and antiques. The inn also has
an exceptional view of Lake Independence and the sawmill that
produced the wooden panels for the older-model Ford station
wagons.
We were immediately provided with a
delicious and hearty lunch by innkeepers Dana and Jolie DeMay.
We would later need that hearty lunch for the paddling that
awaited us.
After lunch and check-in, we took a short
walk to our first outfitter, Big Bay Outfitters. There we met
our first guide, Bill Kinjorski, an affable and knowledgeable
man who would lead us on our first trip. We loaded kayaks,
grabbed PFDs and paddles and were on our way.
We arrived at the put-in for the Iron River,
which is aptly named as iron deposits line the banks. It is a
curious sight to see the bright-orange oxidation that sharply
contrasts the normally earth-toned sand and foliage.
After a brief, but thorough, run-through of
paddling techniques and safety, we launched our boats and
began a leisurely paddle down the winding river. Along the
way, we spotted many Great Blue Heron as they fished the
river. We made a game of seeing who could get closest to
photograph one without spooking it.
As we paddled the crooked river, I realized
the advantage of paddling a smaller "river" kayak. They are
far more maneuverable when you need to make many turns.
We continued down the river toward Lake
Superior. As we neared the mouth of the river, we decided to
venture a little farther and paddled out to the lake. We
didn't venture too far as the lake was too choppy due to
strong winds. These winds were to be our nemesis for the next
two days. We headed back to the put-in to end our first day's
paddle.
Day 2: Teal Lake
We started the day with a continental
breakfast at the Thunder Bay Inn. Looking outside, the weather
wasn't looking too hospitable. It was drearily gray with a
light, misting rain. We took our short stroll to Big Bay
Outfitters only to find out the weather would prohibit us from
trying Lake Superior. It was time for Plan B.
Kinjorski decided, due to the weather, that
we should paddle a smaller inland lake. So we geared up, this
time including rain gear and drove toward Teal Lake. After
more instruction on entering a kayak without getting too wet,
we launched from the beach and began our paddle.
Despite the grey day, paddling Teal Lake was
visually quite interesting. Due to the difference in water and
air temperatures, an eerie mist hovered above the water.
Fortunately, the rain subsided. As the air became dryer, we
were able to see the amazing rock outcroppings that rose from
the water.
One thing I discovered is that where there
is water, there are fish, and where there are fish, there are
birds fishing. In today's case, it was cormorants, which are
not indigenous to the Upper Peninsula but, to the dismay of
fisherman, are becoming so. Watching them scout the surface of
the water for their prey and then dive for it is quite
engaging.
We paddled across the lake and chose to pull
out toward one of the outcroppings to eat lunch. After lunch,
we paddled back to the beach. As we paddled, the wind began to
pick up. I found it a bit difficult to keep my kayak on a
straight course despite it being a longer sea kayak. Slowly
and crookedly, I made my way back to the beach.
Day 3: Au Train River
We drove to the Au Train River to meet Bill
Thompson from Down Wind Sports. Once again, we were unable to
paddle Lake Superior due to weather, so another river was our
paddle for the day.
Thompson gave us further instruction while
in the water this time. Because we were initially going to
paddle Lake Superior, we were outfitted with sea kayaks on a
river. While this is completely doable, the longer boats can
be a challenge when making many maneuvers. We all adjusted and
again headed toward Lake Superior.
Upon nearing the mouth of the river and Lake
Superior, I realized our guide chose wisely not to attempt the
lake. As we drew nearer, the wind really picked up, and we saw
significant chop on the lake. All I could think is that if I
was out there, I'd be spending more time swimming than in my
kayak. We pulled the boats onto a sand-covered bank to
conclude our day's paddle.
The goal of our day was to paddle Lake
Superior so we could see Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore.
Because the weather didn't cooperate, our guide was good
enough to give us a driving tour of the area. I must say, if
you are ever in the Upper Peninsula, you must see this
attraction. There also are numerous waterfalls to see that are
quite breathtaking.
Day 4: Les Cheneaux Islands
We left the Thunder Bay Inn for Hessel to
meet our next guide, Jesse Hadley of Ecotours. I would learn
first-hand what a capable guide she is.
After loading boats and gear, we had a
brief, but delicious, lunch at the Hessel Bay Inn. We went
down to the beach and again had more instruction before
paddling. We started our short paddle across slightly
tumultuous waters to A Wee Bit O' Heaven, our last night's
lodgings. Owner Judy Platt provided us with a wonderful meal
and lovely accommodations in her main lodge.
Day 5: Les Cheneaux Islands
We woke to even more tumultuous waters, but
decided we would venture out to continue to paddle Les
Cheneaux Islands. To me, this was the most difficult day from
a beginner's point of view. Once you become accustomed to
maneuvering the boat in the waves, it actually becomes fun,
not unlike a roller coaster.
Still, I soon found myself sideways to a
wave and in the water. I remembered Jesse saying, "If you go
in, don't lose your paddle and stay with your boat." I held
onto my paddle and stayed with my boat, and she was there
instantly. I followed her instructions and was back in the
boat in minutes paddling away, but not before pumping the
water out of my boat.
We paddled while being educated about the
wildlife and the ecotour concept, and then headed back to the
lodge.
I learned many things on this trip. Most
important is the value of having a good guide who can show you
things maps can't and provide newer paddlers with an extra
margin of safety. A guide knows the area and can point you to
other attractions and restaurants. I was fortunate to have
expert guides on this trip.
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Empower Your Training
Power-measuring
systems can help the competitive cyclist maximize training and
performance
by Charles Howe
Cyclists are
confronted with a constant stream of technological
developments that claim to improve performance or increase
efficiency. Most often, these fall into the category of
mechanical devices or "breakthrough" nutritional supplements,
and many are of unproven benefit or questionable value.
One of the most
promising trends of the last several years has been the
introduction of affordable and accurate on-bike power
measuring systems, which consist of a force-measuring device,
such as strain gauges placed in the rear hub or bottom
bracket; a handlebar-mounted computer with digital display and
associated wiring that transmits the signal to the computer; a
computer interface for downloading workout data to a personal
computer; and software that allows interpretation of the data.
These systems enable the rider to precisely quantify power
output, or the rate at which work is performed during the ride
(for purposes of controlling workout intensity) and afterward
(for further analysis).
What is power?
Power is the rate of
doing work or transferring energy, such that power =
work/time. As it relates to cycling, it is measured in
international system units called watts (W), rather than the
familiar English unit of horsepower that is used as a measure
of engine power (1 horsepower = 746 W). Because work = force
applied through a distance, the above equation can be
rearranged to express power as the product of force and speed,
and this may be the best way to think of it: The speed you are
traveling times the total force resisting your forward motion.
Similarly, power can
be defined as pedal force × cadence, which means that you can
increase power by exerting more force (pressure) on the pedals
at a given cadence, by increasing cadence while exerting the
same pedal force or by doing both. Here are some examples that
give an appreciation for units of power:
56.5 W are required
to raise a 20-pound dumbbell 25 inches overhead in one
second. For his 1994 World Hour Record, Miguel Indurain
averaged 510 W, or ~6.4 W per kilogram.
A 57-kilogram
(125-pound) rider traveling on a 9-kg (19.8-pound) bike at
16 mph on flat ground in calm air requires about 93 W; at 18
mph, this increases to 127 W; at 20 mph, 169 W; and at 22
mph, 220 W. Thus, the power requirements of flat-terrain
cycling are nonlinear:
Why train by power?
Three variables to
control in any training program are intensity, duration and
frequency. Of these, duration and frequency are easy to
quantify objectively. The former is measured in hours, and the
latter in sessions per week (the product of the two is
volume). Intensity, on the other hand, traditionally has been
measured by speed, perceived exertion (PE) and/or heart rate
(HR). Power, however, is the true measure of how hard you are
working. As such, it directly determines physiological and
perceptual responses to exercise.
It always has been
possible to gauge intensity by "feel," or PE, on a 10-point
scale or the original 6-20. PE is subjective in nature, with
its precision limited accordingly. Yet, perceptual responses
to exercise are an extremely important source of feedback
during training, because they actually integrate more
physiological variables than HR and may be used to modify
wattage goals as necessary.
In their initial
attempts to quantify exercise intensity, cyclists naturally
took their cue from distance runners by adopting pacing
guidelines (for time and distance) to gauge intensity. Such an
approach may have some reliability at a given velodrome, so
long as temperatures do not vary significantly and the air is
calm, but is unlikely to be useful under the ever-varying
grade and wind conditions present on the road, with the
possible exception of a standardized (and sufficiently steep)
uphill course.
It is lamentable that
heart-rate monitors preceded power meters to market, rather
than the other way around, because HR has become equated with
exercise intensity in the popular mind. HR tracks well enough
with power at low, steady intensities, where it provides
apparently more "stable" feedback than power. This is due to
the cardiovascular system's slow (lagging) response to the
rapid changes in intensity so characteristic of road cycling.
Thus, it can be useful for relatively easy, steady-state
endurance rides.
As wattage increases
and/or becomes more variable, however, the correlation between
HR and power becomes weaker, and HR becomes less and less
reliable as an indicator of exercise intensity. Furthermore,
HR is subject to numerous environmental and physiological
factors: lowered barometric pressure at higher altitudes,
environmental heat, dehydration, upward "drift" as exercise
progresses, lack of sleep, time of day, medication, recent
illness/infection, diet (e.g., caffeine), psychogenic factors
(e.g., nervousness) and possibly even position on the bicycle
(such as when time trialing). All are documented to elevate
HR. On the other hand, it is normal for HR to be depressed by
recent heavy training and by accumulated fatigue/lack of
recovery (overreaching). Finally, mere day-to-day variability
in HR can be up to 4 percent, whereas performance, as measured
by power, is normally reproducible to plus or minus 2 percent.
Thus, each of these
attempts to quantify intensity serves as a kind of "filter"
that introduces "noise" that obscures the stress load being
imposed, and power output itself is the actual stress load.
One physiological measure - VO2, or the rate of
oxygen uptake - can serve as an accurate proxy for energy
expended; however, it responds as slowly to exercise demands
as HR and cannot practically be measured "in the field."
The beauty of power is
that it serves as a "bottom line" index of performance,
integrating the three physiological determinants of endurance
performance: maximal VO2, the percent of VO2
that can be sustained (lactate threshold) and efficiency,
which is the ratio of work output to the amount of internal
energy expenditure it requires.
Benefits of
power-based training
1. It
eliminates guesswork from gauging exercise intensity. Even
those with exceptional "feel" are unlikely to judge their
wattage any better than to within perhaps 10 percent, whereas
a power meter is accurate to plus or minus 2 percent or less,
enabling workouts - the training "dose" - to be carefully
controlled.
2. It allows
performance to be precisely quantified and training load to be
more realistically assessed and effectively managed. In
conjunction with a progressive, periodized program, training
becomes less haphazard, making peak performances easier to
predict, while helping to prevent overtraining and injury.
3. Power data from
races allows training programs to be specifically tailored to
expected race demands. From the graph below of Dede Demet-Barry's
memorable win in the Women's World Cup in Montreal a few years
back, for instance, we can see the demands of the race with
each of the 11 ascents of Mont Royale. The race roughly can be
broken down into two parts: the first 159 minutes, where the
average was 197 W, and the final 19 minutes in which she
averaged a full 100 W more as she broke away en route to a
surprise win after a 20-month hiatus from competition. For the
inspiring story of this race, see the full race account at
www.cyclingnews.com.
4. Power meters have
other uses, such as pacing during interval training and time
trials, aerodynamic testing, indoor trainer calibration and
perhaps even as an aid to weight control and dieting. Although
time trialing may seem like an obscure specialty within the
sport, its basis (i.e., measured, paced intensity) has many
applications in mass-start racing, such as bridging up to a
breakaway or chase group, and (more obviously) the solo
breakaway. A power meter can help even experienced riders
refine and sharpen their sense of pacing. For time trials, it
is indispensable for pacing on all but the shortest and most
technical/hilly of courses, where there might not be
convenient opportunity to monitor the computer display.
Because they
accurately measure energy output in kilojoules (kJ), power
meters can be used to estimate metabolic energy expenditure in
kilocalories (simply "calories" in common usage). Because the
body is ~20-25 percent thermodynamically efficient, this
roughly cancels out the unit conversion factor (4.184 kJ = 1
kcal), and the work accomplished in kJ during a ride is pretty
near equal to kcal burned by the body. Unfortunately,
efficiency varies during a ride, increasing directly with
intensity, and it must be determined in a lab.
Drawbacks to training by power
As useful as
power-based training can be, it is not without its
limitations:
Even the most
affordable models still are expensive.
Cycling is a costly enough sport as it is, and many will
simply not be able to justify the added expense of yet another
"gadget." Power meters probably will never be priced
comparably to HRMs, and like any electronic device, they can
malfunction and be unreliable. Still, they are less expensive
than many of the latest exotic frames and crazy-light
components that seem so ubiquitous, while arguably of much
greater benefit. It should be emphasized, too, that a
power-measuring system is not needed by beginning riders, who
need to learn basic skills first, while gaining a sense of
judgment and proportion in their training.
It lends itself to a
structured program, while demanding discipline and patience.
Use of a power meter and a periodized training plan go
hand in hand. For many, the planning, structure, analysis and
record-keeping required by such a system are an added hassle
in a sport that already is time-intensive enough and is
exactly what they seek to escape from through cycling.
It is conducive to
(but does not require) solitary training.
Power-based training works best when referenced to the rider's
unique (and current) ability, which may mean training alone,
at least during more intense and structured workouts. Again,
this is directly contrary to one of the primary reasons why
many riders are attracted to cycling in the first place;
namely, the shared effort and companionship of training
together.
It requires a degree
of technical sophistication.
Not everyone is inclined, whether by background or
temperament, to take a quantitative approach to training. For
such individuals, a coach may be necessary (yet another
expense).
In summary, an
accurate and reliable power-measuring system can bring greater
precision to the variables of intensity and overall load in
the training program of the competitive cyclist. However, it
necessitates specialized knowledge from the rider and/or coach
to be used effectively, and its use should be preceded by a
mastery of basic racing skills, as well as an individualized
plan that correctly distributes time at various intensities to
progressively overload energy systems specific to competitive
demands.
Charles Howe has been
involved in the sport of cycling since 1973 as a tour
director, race promoter, official (road, Cat. 2), club officer
and even (gasp!) as a recreational/competitive rider. A strong
advocate of power-based training, his interest in cycling
power output dates to the early 1990s, when he wrote a brief
article that modeled the effect of weight reductions on
bicycle performance for the now-defunct
Cycling Science magazine. As a member
of the
Wattage Forum, he has written a FAQ on
power-based training, as well as a free, on-line training
guide. Recently, he founded trainwithpower.net. After advising
riders informally for several years, Howe founded
Velodynamics
in 2005 to meet increased requests for technical assistance. |
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